In the stark, arid landscapes of Saudi Arabia, an ancient mystery is etched into the earth. These enigmatic stone structures, known as “mustatils” (Arabic for rectangles), have long intrigued archaeologists and historians. Recent studies around the Harrat Khaybar region, especially near its volcanic fields, have shed new light on their significance, origins, and the civilizations that constructed those geoglyphs.
DISCOVERY OF MUSTATILS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Mustatils were first identified in the 1970s, but their extensive study began only recently, propelled by advances in satellite imagery and aerial photography. These rectangular stone structures, some stretching over 600 meters in length, are primarily found in the vast desert expanses of Saudi Arabia. The Harrat Khaybar region, known for its dramatic volcanic landscapes, hosts some of the most intriguing examples of these ancient constructs.
AGE AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF MUSTATILS
Determining the age of mustatils has been a significant focus of recent archaeological research. Radiocarbon dating of organic materials found within and around the structures suggests that they were built during the Late Neolithic period, approximately 7,000 years ago. This makes them some of the oldest large-scale stone structures in the world, predating the pyramids of Egypt and Stonehenge in the United Kingdom.
The mustatils are a testament to the advanced social and architectural capabilities of the prehistoric communities that inhabited the Arabian Peninsula.
STRUCTURE AND DESIGN
Typically, mustatils consist of two parallel stone walls connected at either end, forming a rectangular shape. The walls are often accompanied by a series of smaller stone settings and alignments within or around the structure. The construction varies from simple single-walled enclosures to more complex, multi-layered arrangements. The Harrat Khaybar mustatils, in particular, are distinguished by their proximity to volcanic cones and lava fields, which add a dramatic backdrop to their stark geometric forms.
ALIEN THEORIES, ANCIENT RITUALS
One of the most captivating aspects of mustatils is their visibility from above. Like the famous Nazca Lines in Peru, these geoglyphs can best be appreciated from an aerial perspective. This has led to various theories about their purpose. Some researchers speculate that mustatils, along with other geoglyphs in Saudi Arabia, might have been constructed to communicate with celestial beings or deities, or perhaps to mark astronomical events.
The idea that these structures were intended to be seen from the sky adds a layer of mystery and intrigue, suggesting that their builders might have had a sophisticated understanding of geometry and spatial design.
The alignment and positioning of mustatils near prominent natural features, like volcanic cones, also imply a deliberate effort to create landmarks that were visible from a distance, possibly serving navigational or symbolic purposes. The connection to ancient religious beliefs is compelling, as it hints at a cultural or spiritual dimension to their construction that modern archaeology is only beginning to understand.
PURPOSE AND FUNCTION OF MUSTATILS IN SAUDI ARABIA
The true purpose of mustatils in Saudi Arabia remains a topic of debate among researchers. Theories abound, ranging from ritualistic and ceremonial uses to more practical applications like animal enclosures or territorial markers. Recent archaeological studies suggest that these structures may have been used for communal gatherings or religious rites, potentially linked to cattle cults, as evidenced by the presence of cattle bones and rock art depicting bovines in the vicinity of some mustatils.
THE VOLCANIC CONNECTION
The location of mustatils near volcanic features in Harrat Khaybar is particularly intriguing. The Harrat Khaybar volcanic field is one of the largest in Saudi Arabia, characterized by its basaltic lava flows and striking volcanic cones. This geologically active area would have presented both opportunities and challenges to ancient builders.
The volcanic stone provided a readily available construction material, while the imposing natural features may have imbued the mustatils with symbolic or spiritual significance.
Some researchers hypothesize that the placement of mustatils near volcanic formations could be linked to ancient religious beliefs, where the volcanoes themselves were revered or feared as manifestations of divine power. The alignment of some mustatils with prominent volcanic cones supports this notion, suggesting a deliberate integration of natural and man-made structures in the ancient cultural landscape.
HOW TO GET THERE
Visiting the mustatils of Khaybar (25.678115, 39.964263) is an adventure in itself. The remote location and rugged terrain require careful planning and the right equipment. A 4×4 vehicle is essential, as the journey involves traversing off-road tracks through the black sand desert. You will find the entry point here: 25.748953, 39.990481. These paths will lead you into the lava fields, where the landscape dramatically changes into a stark, rocky expanse.
It’s important to note that there is no mobile signal in this area, so travelers must be well-prepared with downloaded maps, GPS devices, and ample supplies of water and food. It is relatively easy to find the geoglyphs however there are a few road diversions on the way so make sure to pay close attention to the map. The isolation and rough terrain of Harrat Khaybar add to the allure and mystique of these ancient structures, making the journey a memorable part of the experience.
A NIGHT UNDER THE STARS & WILD CAMPING
Camping at the foot of the mustatils in Harrat Khaybar was an incredible, once-in-a-lifetime experience. Under a blanket of stars, I tried to imagine how these prehistoric peoples conducted their religious rituals thousands of years ago, or how they managed to build such impressive structures with the limited tools at their disposal. The silence of the night was profound, interrupted only by the occasional whisper of the wind—a stark contrast to the bustling modern world and a perfect setting to ponder the mysteries of the mustatils of Harrat Khaybar.
Check out my latest YouTube video featuring stunning aerial views of mustatils I captured during my trip to Saudi Arabia.
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